Updated 2026-09-29 · Educational only, not a diagnosis
Medical facts, drug details and treatment options on this page have not been independently medically reviewed.
What it is
An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks hair follicles, causing smooth round patches of hair loss. It can also affect beards, eyebrows and nails.
Who gets it
About 2% of people at some point in life, any age, often starting in childhood or young adulthood.
Signs to look for
- Smooth, coin-sized bald patches
- Short 'exclamation mark' hairs at the edges
- Nail pitting
- Sometimes total scalp (totalis) or body (universalis) loss
Common causes and triggers
- Autoimmune attack on follicles
- Genetic predisposition
- Linked with thyroid disease, eczema and other autoimmune conditions
How it is diagnosed
- Clinical exam and dermatoscopy
- Occasionally a biopsy
- Blood tests for related conditions
Treatment and care options
These are the options commonly discussed. What suits you depends on your diagnosis — a dermatologist can help you choose.
- Steroid injections into patches
- Topical steroids or immunotherapy
- JAK inhibitors (e.g. baricitinib, ritlecitinib) for severe cases
- Minoxidil as an add-on
- Wigs, hair systems, brow products
Outlook
Many small patches regrow on their own within a year, but relapses are common. Extensive cases are harder to treat.
When to see a doctor
Always — a dermatologist can confirm it and discuss treatments.
Frequently asked questions
Is alopecia areata contagious?
No. It's an immune condition, not an infection.
Not sure what's behind your thinning?
This content is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Speak with a qualified healthcare professional about your individual situation.